Multimedia:

New York City has graffiti, but Belfast has murals. Northern Ireland is famous for years of violence during the Troubles, but it is also renowned for its colorful murals that commemorate, contemplate, and in some cases celebrate the pivotal moments and “martyrs” in the years of conflict. As we explore in Interrogating Torture the conflict was exacerbated by the policies of coercive interrogation and torture employed by the security forces. View map and slideshow of the murals in Belfast.

AAM's Sean Carberry visited Guildford, England where three Irishmen and one English woman were falsely convicted of bombing two pubs in England in 1974. All four were tortured/roughed up, threatened, or in some form coerced into confessing. They remained in prison for 14 years. Listen to an audio file and read about the details of their story.

Bibliography:

Articles

Associated Press. "Ex-CIA Chiefs Slowed 'Torture Memos' Release." MSNBC, April 17, 2009. Web.

Danner, Mark. “The Paradoxes of the Torture Scandal.” Washington Post, April 26, 2009, Opinion section.

Danner, Mark. “The Red Cross Torture Report: What It Means.” New York Review of Books 56 (7), April 30, 2009. Web.

Divoll, Vicki. “Congress’s Torture Bubble.” New York Times, May 13, 2009, Opinion section.

Gerecht, Reuel Marc. "What Was the CIA Up To?" The Weekly Standard, May 4, 2009.

Goldsmith, Jack. "No New Torture Probes." The Washington Post, November 26, 2008. Web.

Greenberg, Karen J. “Secrets and Lies.” The Nation, December 7, 2005. Web.

Greenhouse, Linda. “Supreme Court Blocks Guantánamo Tribunals.” New York Times, June 29, 2006.

Hayden, Michael, and Michael Mukasey. "The President Ties His Own Hands on Terror." The Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2009. Web.

Johnston, David. "Bitter Start to a Hearing on Interrogation Tactics." The New York Times, May 14, 2009. Web.

Krauthammer, Charles. “Obama in Bush Clothing.” Washington Post, May 22, 2009.

Krauthammer, Charles. "Torture? No. Except...." The Washington Post, May 1, 2009. Web.

Krauthammer, Charles. "The Torture Debate, Continued." The Washington Post, May 15, 2009. Web.

Lowrey, Annie. "The Torture Timeline." Foreign Policy, April 2009. Web.

Luban, David. “Torture, American-Style.” Washington Post, November 27, 2005, Opinion section.

Mayer, Jane. “The Battle for a Country’s Soul.” New York Review of Books 55 (13), August 14, 2008. Web.

Mazzetti, Mark, and Scott Shane. "Interrogation Debate Sharply Divided Bush White House." The New York Times, May 4, 2009. Web.

Mazzetti, Mark and Scott Shane. “Interrogation Memos Detail Harsh Tactics by the CIA.” New York Times, April 17, 2009.

McSwain, William M.. "Misconceptions About the Interrogation Memos." The Wall Street Journal, April 28, 2009. Web.

Miller, Marjorie. “Spain considers prosecuting U.S. officials for torture.” Los Angeles Times, May 6, 2009, Opinion section.

Priest, Dana. “CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons.” Washington Post, November 2, 2005.

Priest, Dana and R. Jeffrey Smith. “Memo Offered Justification for Use of Torture.” Washington Post, June 8, 2004.

Reid, Tim. "Toture Memo Has Put US In Danger, CIA Tells Barack Obama." The Times Online, April 21, 2009. Web.

Rivkin Jr., David, and Lee Casey. "The Memos Prove We Didn't Torture." The Wall Street Journal, April 20, 2009. Web.

Sanger, David E.. "Obama After Bush: Leading by Second Thought." The New York Times, May 16, 2009. Web.

Stout, David. “Supreme Court Affirms Detainees’ Right to Use Courts.” New York Times, June 28, 2004.

Toensing, Victoria. “Critics Still Haven’t Read the ‘Torture Memos’.” Wall Street Journal, May 19, 2009, Opinion section.

Zelikow, Philip. "A Dubious C.I.A. Shortcut." The New York Times, April 24, 2009. Web.

Zelikow, Philip. "The OLC "Torture Memos": Thoughts from a Dissenter." Foreign Policy, April 21, 2009. Web.

Books

Danner, Mark. Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror. New York: New York Review Books, 2004.

Feith, Douglas J.. War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism. Brattleboro: Harper Paperbacks, 2009.

Mayer, Jane. The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How The War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals. New York: Anchor, 2009.

Tenet, George. At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.

The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (Authorized Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.

The Enemy Combatant Papers: American Justice, the Courts, and the War on Terror. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

The Torture Debate in America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Memos

“Executive Order: Ensuring Lawful Interrogations.” White House Press Office, January 2009. Web.

“Statement of President Barack Obama on Release of OLC Memos.” The White House Office of the Press Secretary, April 2009. Web.

Reports

“ICRC Report on the Treatment of Fourteen ‘High Value Detainees’ in CIA Custody.” International Committee of the Red Cross, February 2007. Web.

Zelikow, Philip. “Policing Northern Ireland (A): A Question of Primacy.” Kennedy School of Government Case Program, 1993.

Speeches / Testimony

Cheney, Richard B. “Remarks by Richard B. Cheney.” Remarks at the American Enterprise Institute, May 21, 2009.

Luban, David. “Testimony of David Luban.” Remarks at the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts at the Hearing of “What Went Wrong: Torture and the Office of Legal Counsel in the Bush Administration”, May 2009. Web.

Obama, Barack. “Remarks by the President to C.I.A. Employees.” C.I.A. Headquarters, Langley, VA, April 20, 2009. Web.

Soufon, Ali. “Testimony of Ali Soufon.” Remarks at the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, May 2009. Web.

Zelikow, Philip D. “Legal Policy in the Twilight War.” Remarks to the ABA Standing Committee on Law and National Security, University Club, Washington, D.C., March 10, 2006.

Zelikow, Philip. “Statement of Phillip Zelikow.” Remarks at the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts, May 2009.